Irreversible Migration - an understanding of migration in the narrow sense (such as relocation) in contrast to the view of migration as any spatial displacement. She meets two basic conditions: first, people move from one city to another, and secondly, the movement accompanied by a change of residence, and in recent years, and citizenship. The volume and intensity of the irreversible migration depend on many factors, first of all, migration factors, including prevailing economic, social, political, etc. Before the 70s. XX century. gross migration was growing up, and then it started to decline. In the 90-ies., Due to begin the process of reforming the social and economic system in Russia, the intensity irrevocable migration declined sharply (by 2.5 times in the late 90's. Compared with the beginning of the 80's.).
Forced migration - the original form of modern migrations caused by the massive displacement of people associated with temporary or permanent change of residence for reasons beyond their control, and against the wishes of (natural disasters, economic and technological disasters, the growth of intolerance, leading to civil conflicts and regional wars, changes political situation, leading to a confrontation of certain social groups with the authorities, the social environment). The main causes of forced migration are different kinds of armed conflict, the violation of human rights and freedoms, the destruction of the state of uniform spaces, such as, for example, in the USSR, Yugoslavia, etc. In the history of the Soviet Union has become a kind of forced migration deportation of individual nations and peoples to their ancestral home area in some areas of the country in the 30-40s.
It forced migrants include refugees, internally displaced persons, displaced persons and asylum seekers. In contrast to the voluntary resettlement of forced migration are of a distinct political color and coercive.
Illegal migration - the original form of external migration. Illegal migrants - people who go in search of work in another country as illegal (for example, from Mexico to the United States illegally cross the border more than one million people annually) and legally (by private invitation, as tourists, etc. ), followed by the transition to the illegal situation and illegal employment. Since the second half of the 70th. XX century. the world has witnessed an unprecedented growth in the number of illegal immigrants.
In the 90-ies. The Russian Federation, with no history of mass migration management and the fight against illegal migration, as well as the necessary legal framework to simplify the conditions of crossing the state border, has become a zone of attraction of migrants from regions with complex military-political, socio-economic and demographic situation. According to some current estimates, the number of illegal migrants in Russia reached 10.9 million. Marked demographic expansion of illegal migrants in the Far East and Trans-Baikal in Siberia, which poses a real threat to the loss of Russia's sovereignty over strategic mineral and other resources of these regions. Uncontrolled activity of illegal entrants ethnic migrants forming fraternities and clans that ignore or use the imperfection of Russian legislation for their own selfish interests, causing considerable material and moral damage of the Russian Federation makes it a transit territory on the way to Western Europe.
In theory, the migration process migration factors appear as a set of social conditions in which this process takes place and which influence its scope, intensity, direction, and other parameters. The most common classification, delineating these factors depending on the capacity to regulate their impact on migration. In the late 60's. developed a classification, according to which migration factors were distributed in three groups: untethered, permanent factors, "temporary" factors that can be controlled by indirect effects; adjustable variable factors.
The first group of factors includes the geographical location of the migration area and its natural components: meteorological, geological, phyto-and zoogeographical etc. High seasonal temperature swings, water-logged, earthquakes, floods, biting insects and the like often are more conducive to an outflow of population than all other factors.
The second includes the factors that can be changed gradually. This level of development of the territory, including the establishment of an industrial and social infrastructure; gender, age, ethnic composition of the population. One of the "temporary" factors acting with the greatest force on migration, acts on the makeup of the length of residence. In an area where the population is growing rapidly due to migration and, consequently, increased the proportion of new settlers, as a rule, a higher proportion of women, non-family, etc. This structure of the population contributes to the high mobility of the population migration.
The third group includes the following factors: an increase in wages, the establishment or abolition of certain benefits, personnel policies, changes in national policies, etc. Thus, higher rates of wages and benefits in various regions of the Far North of Russia attracted back to the mid 80s. large contingent workforce. In a relatively stable social and political environment for this group are the most important living conditions and decent and productive work.
Factors and causes of migration are divided into negative (pusher) and positive (attracting). Uniquely identify which ones define the act of migration is very difficult. Thus, in a first step, along with the factors that formulate the installation of the relocation (pushing out), and there are factors that determine exactly where, which country, region resettled people (attracting). If the decision to resettle the predominant influence of the first group of factors ("go away anywhere, but would not stay here"), migration is determined primarily by the action of push factors. If it is dominated by the need to move to a specific region ("there'll leave that whatever the cost"), then turn out to be the decisive factors of attraction.
4. The regional dimension of migration
Changes in migration affected in the 90-ies. all economic regions of the Russian Federation. Traditional areas of out-migration (the Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Ural) were populated by migration of the population. Attracting increased role of the Northern Caucasus, especially the Krasnodar and Stavropol regions, which began to flock to forced migrants from Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and the republics of the Caucasus region.
Again, as in the 60s., Began to lose population of Eastern Siberia, while in Western Siberia, after a brief hiatus, received the influx of people, and in all the regions and territories. Far East, in contrast, has a continuous outflow zone. In 1993-1997, as in the 80s., In the first place-largest influx came Downtown. The country was clearly divided into two zones - the host and give away. The greatest migration pressure tested the southern border zone of the European part and the Urals, as well as the Central Region and Western Siberia.
One of the most noticeable changes in the migration of the population of the Russian Federation - the outflow of people from the North. Until recently, the population of the North grew rapidly and reached 10 million people, distributed approximately equally between the European and Asian parts of the country. The speed with which reduced the population of some northern areas is very high. Chukotka in five years (1993-1997 gg.) Lost more than a third of the population, the Magadan region - 21%, the Koryak Autonomous District - about 20, Kamchatka Region - 15, Sakhalin region - 13, Taimyr and the Nenets Autonomous District - 12, Murmansk region - 8, Komi Republic - 7%. The population growth in the North have only the Yamal-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, where the most powerful country in the oil and gas industry.
Internal migrants tend to staroobzhitym areas, while migrants from the former Soviet republics settled throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the Far North and Sakhalin. However, regional preferences clearly expressed, and here - it's western and southern border area, Central, Western Siberia. Against the backdrop of a minor tributary allocated Moscow and Leningrad region, which confirms the difficulty of obtaining a residence permit in Moscow and St. Petersburg. As a result, there has accumulated a lot of undocumented migrants.
A very specific pattern of settlement of migrants from the former republics of the Soviet Union, and in particular, from Kazakhstan and Central Asia, which accounted for the greatest flow of migrants has pronounced ethnic tinge. Thus, the most attractive for Russian immigrants from Central Asia are Central, Central Black Earth, Volga, Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia. At the same time, the Russian leaving Kazakhstan, tend to settle with him in the border regions - the Volga, Urals, Western Siberia.
In general, migration flows illustrate the difficulties faced by migrants from the former when choosing a place of residence in Russia. They are willing to go to any area, even to the North, which partly compensates for the loss of the East and North of the Russian Federation in internal migrations. Besides being entirely by the former republics of net migration is rural country.
Attempts to explain the Russian migration card comparison with the spatial pattern of production decline in unemployment or give a paradoxical result: they show no significant association. Moreover, in many cases, there is an inverse relationship - the largest influx of migrants are the regions with the worst indicators of output and unemployment.
Some connections migration only to the level of development of the private sector. South-West region of Russia, especially the border areas with the former Soviet republics, is very different from the rest of the country's higher level of development of the private sector. Perhaps it is here that there are better opportunities to attract migrants to earnings, the manifestations of individual initiative, entrepreneurship.